Researcher Anton Roberts of the Policy Evaluation and Researcher Unit (PERU) is proud to release this report in collaboration with Lifeshare. This detailed piece of work explores the role of complex need in frontline homelessness services - attempting to define the challenges faced, provide examples of best practice, and a host of recommendations for improved ways of working. This detailed service guide has been informed by Anton's co-productive doctoral research, which took place over a two-year period across provisions here in Manchester. The resource also draws heavily on the lived experience of the organisations staff, volunteers and service users. This resource would be of great use to any frontline workers/volunteers in the sector, as well as any frontline provision that works with vulnerable/marginalised groups. It is a reflection of the (at times) stark difficulties faced by third sector organisations, but also provides a series of realistic and practical solutions.

This project leverages features associated with the geomasking algorithm to estimate the effect of public crime statistics on house prices.

This project leverages features associated with the geomasking algorithm to estimate the effect of public crime statistics on house prices.

This project leverages features associated with the geomasking algorithm to estimate the effect of public crime statistics on house prices.

This project leverages features associated with the geomasking algorithm to estimate the effect of public crime statistics on house prices.

This project leverages features associated with the geomasking algorithm to estimate the effect of public crime statistics on house prices.

This project leverages features associated with the geomasking algorithm to estimate the effect of public crime statistics on house prices.

This project leverages features associated with the geomasking algorithm to estimate the effect of public crime statistics on house prices.

This project leverages features associated with the geomasking algorithm to estimate the effect of public crime statistics on house prices.

This project leverages features associated with the geomasking algorithm to estimate the effect of public crime statistics on house prices.

This project leverages features associated with the geomasking algorithm to estimate the effect of public crime statistics on house prices.

This project leverages features associated with the geomasking algorithm to estimate the effect of public crime statistics on house prices.

The Health Foundation REAL Centre is working with the University of Liverpool to build a dynamic microsimulation model of non-communicable diseases to allow analysis of future demand for healthcare.

This project leverages features associated with the geomasking algorithm to estimate the effect of public crime statistics on house prices.

Welcome to the 2024 festival sponsored by the Department of Sociology at Manchester Metropolitan University and curated by staff from the university’s Policy Evaluation and Research Unit (PERU).

This project leverages features associated with the geomasking algorithm to estimate the effect of public crime statistics on house prices.

Dr. Monsuru Adepeju (PERU) worked alongside Dr. Meng Le Zhang of University of Sheffield to investigate the impact of public crime information on house prices in England and Wales, leveraging the geomasking in online crime maps as a natural experiment.

The scheme to defer the prosecution of low-level offenders has highlighted key benefits, including avoiding criminalisation and associated negative social impact, but has demonstrated challenges, such as addressing racial disparities.

Children who’ve been in care are disproportionately likely to have youth justice involvement

This briefing is based on descriptive findings from an ADR UK (Administrative Data Research UK) Research Fellowship project

This article presents novel findings from interviews with 17 girls and young women and eight Youth Offending Team (YOT) staff, highlighting how being in care can affect offending behaviour and how YOTs may provide support to care-experienced girls who have been inadequately supported elsewhere.

This paper explores how criminalisation, care experience and motherhood may intersect to produce multi-faceted structural disadvantage within both systems of care and punishment.

Welcome to the 2023 festival sponsored by the Department of Sociology at Manchester Metropolitan University and curated by staff from the university’s Policy Evaluation and Research Unit (PERU).

This article explores the challenges and possibilities of using local agreements to divert children in care and care leavers away from formal justice systems contact.

A new issue of the British Journal is now available. The theme which presents itself across the papers in this open issue is that of trauma – of individuals and of communities – where the social and psychological concerns of individuals intersect with the criminal justice system and wider structural problems within society.

Venue: Online, May 2022

The PERU team are supporting this year’s Insights ’22 Festival co-ordinated by Her Majesty’s Prison and Probation Service (online, 11-20 May 2022)

Venue: Manchester Metropolitan University
26th November 12 - 4

Discussion of lessons learned from the development of third party hate crime reporting centres (TPRCs) in the UK.

Venue: On-line
Wednesday 3rd November from 13.00 to 16.30

An Evaluation of the Minimum Unit Pricing (MUP) of alcohol in Scotland finds that the introduction of minimum unit pricing of alcohol had a minimal impact on drink-related crime.

Venue: On-line
Wednesday 20th October from 17.00 to 18.30

Rapid Evidence Assessment finds a growing body of evidence that lower probation caseloads have a positive impact in terms of reducing reoffending in the USA.

A ground-breaking study about how teaching philosophy in prisons helped long-term prisoners build positive relationships, trust and explore what it means to live a good life

Using data from the Social Finance UK Database and focusing on SIBs in the US and UK, Olson et al. evaluate whether the SIB approach aligns with the theoretical predictions of social innovation.

The British Journal of Community Justice has published a new blog by Denis Sidebottom on trust and relational probation practice.

Recordings of events from this year's Manchester CRIME and Justice Film Festival are now available to stream.

Rapid Evidence Assessment finds that vocational training and employment programmes were associated with 9 percent fewer programme participants reoffending, when compared with nonparticipants. Studies conducted in the UK were associated with 6 percent fewer programme participants reoffending.

Venue: On-line
Wednesday 26th May from 17.00 to 18.00

British Journal of Community Justice calls for papers for special issue

Venue: On-line
Tuesday 18th May from 17.00 to 18.00

Venue: On-line
Wednesday 28th April 13.00 to 16.30

PERU's Kevin Wong co-authors a new Academic Insights paper for Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Probation

PERU contributes to a report showing that the quality of probation delivery falls when practitioners are responsible for managing more than 50 cases.

PERU researcher argues that needs assessment and sentence planning should transcend their core justice functions and set the tone for effective engagement between people supervised by probation and their supervisors

Venue: On-line
Wed 11 November 2020

The British Journal of Community Justice hosted and managed by PERU is marking International Restorative Justice Week by publishing two new papers.

This paper argues for “the potential for needs assessment and sentence planning to transcend their core justice functions and set the tone for effective engagement between probation supervisee and supervisor.”

The British Journal of Community Justice (hosted and managed by PERU) has published new content today. 

Rapid Evidence Assessment finds a growing body of evidence that lower probation caseloads have a positive impact in terms of reducing reoffending in the USA.

After an open recruitment and selection process PERU’s Kevin Wong (Reader in Community Justice and Associate Director Criminal Justice) has been appointed as the new Chair of the Criminal Justice Alliance (CJA).

Educational preventing violent extremism (EPVE) programs have had (to date) little if any theoretical underpinning.

PERU were partially funded by the Ministry of Justice to undertake a Rapid Evidence Assessment (REA) to assess the outcomes of community and custody delivered vocational training and employment programmes on reoffending.

This paper highlights how qualitative research can enhance causal explanation in impact evaluations and provide additional causal leverage to findings from randomised experiments.

Venue: On-line Tue 14 July 2020

A rapid evidence summary

Chris O'Leary joins The Rt Hon David Davis MP, Douglas Carswell who is a former MP and the co-director of the Good Governance Project and Matthew Lesh who is the Head of Research at the Adam Smith Institute for a panel discussing reforming the State after Covid.

Rapid Evidence Assessment finds a growing body of evidence that lower probation caseloads have a positive impact in terms of reducing reoffending in the USA.

Sally Taylor, Chief Executive of Koestler Arts is “delighted” with the PERU research into the impact of the Koestler Arts Awards on prisoners and prisons. 

New blogs reflecting on COVID-19 have been published today by the British Journal of Community Justice, hosted and managed by PERU

EVALUATING THE ROLE OF THE KOESTLER AWARDS IN IMPROVING PRISONS AND PRISONERS

The British Journal of Community Justice (BJCJ) hosted and managed by PERU, has published the first of a two-part special issue on Hate Crime and racist prejudice in the criminal justice system.

Venue: Geoffrey Manton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University
Tue 19 May 2020

PERU’s Kevin Wong and Rachel Kinsella along with their co-author Linda Meadows have been awarded a certificate of achievement by the Howard Journal of Crime and Justice.

Discussion of lessons learned from the development of third party hate crime reporting centres (TPRCs) in the UK.

Venue: 70 Oxford Street
Wed 1 April 2020

Venue: 70 Oxford Street
Wed 25 March 2020

Venue: 70 Oxford St
Wed 18 March 2020

Venue: Geoffrey Manton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University
Wed 18 March 2020

Sarah Page examines the United Kingdom pupil experience of racism and race-hate-related extremism through research

In partnership with the Ministry of Justice and the Barrow Cadbury Trust, PERU researchers are undertaking a qualitative study on the views and experiences of participants in the Chance to Change pilots.

This year’s festival, orgainsed by Kevin Wong and Gavin Bailey of PERU and Lucy Simpson from RAH! starts on the 18th March with a screening of i Believe in You introduced by Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Probation, Justin Russell.

Venue: Geoffrey Manton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University
Tue 11 February 2020

The Policy Evaluation and Research Unit and Criminal Justice Alliance are holding a Crime and Justice Networking and Learning Fair on Wednesday 18th March at Manchester Metropolitan University.

Stevie-Jade Hardy, Neil Chakraborti and Ilda Cuko identify how police training can be improved to address the under-reporting and inconsistent recording of hate crime

We are evaluating projects funded by the Youth Endowment Fund aimed at preventing young people from being involved in crime and violence.

HM Inspectorate of Probation today publishes a report by Professors Chris Fox and Kevin Albertson, exploring the concept of innovation and its application to the delivery of probation services.

Venue: Geoffrey Manton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University
Wed 15 January 2020

This report explores the concept of innovation and its application to the delivery of probation services.

The new free issue of the British Journal of Community Justice has been published today.

Dave Nicholson who is a PhD student with PERU has written a chapter on the potential for co-operatives to re-shape community payback in a book published yesterday.

Last week PERU were pleased to host the second in a series of seminars for the Prisoner Learning Academic Network.

Last week PERU were pleased to host the second in a series of seminars for the Prisoner Learning Academic Network.

Dave Nicholson who is a PhD student with PERU has written a chapter on the potential for co-operatives to re-shape community payback in a book published yesterday. 

In a new paper published by Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Probation, PERU’s Kevin Wong argues that probation provision is complex, delivered by a wide range of providers dealing with diverse service users and performing differing functions.

This chapter explores how to put communities back into community payback through the use of co-operatives.

Probation provision is complex, with a range of providers dealing with diverse service users and performing differing functions.

Rachel Horan PERU Associate Researcher and Director of the Averment Group along with PERU’s Kevin Wong and Kirstine Szifris set out the case for operationalising risk needs and responsivity (RNR) and desistance principles in their newly published paper on the Enablers of Change needs assessment tool.

Rachel Horan PERU Associate Researcher and Director of the Averment Group along with PERU’s Kevin Wong and Kirstine Szifris set out the case for operationalising risk needs and responsivity (RNR) and desistance principles in their newly published paper on the Enablers of Change needs assessment tool.

Venue: Geoffrey Manton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University
Wed 6 November 2019

An assessment tool for adult offenders that operationalises risk needs responsivity and desistance principles

PERU’s Kevin Wong will make the case for adopting market stewardship principles in contracting with voluntary sector agencies at a conference on “The power of collaboration:

Congratulations to Charlotte Gislam and Rebecca Wynne-Walsh, the joint winners of the Festival’s student choice competition.

Congratulations to Charlotte Gislam and Rebecca Wynne-Walsh, the joint winners of the Festival’s student choice competition.

PERU is pleased to announce that it is working with the Youth Endowment Fund to evaluate 3 of the twenty two projects for which funding is announced today.

At a national conference today PERU’s Kevin Wong will argue that the Government’s Hate Crime Reporting Policy is fundamentally flawed, reliant on good intentions but inadequately resourced

At a national conference today PERU’s Kevin Wong will argue that the Government’s Hate Crime Reporting Policy is fundamentally flawed, reliant on good intentions but inadequately resourced.

Over the next three years PERU will evaluate the implementation and impact of the RESCALED programme.

The recently established Youth Endowment Fund (YEF) has announced that PERU, with our colleagues at the Manchester Centre for Youth Studies (MCYS), has been successful in its bid to join their new Evaluation Panel.

Chris Fox delivered a presentation to HM Inspectorate of Probation's Summer School for its Assistant Inspectors.

Kirstine Szifris has been appointed the vice-Chair of Prisoner Learning Academic Network (PLAN).

This programme of work aims to improve understanding of ‘best’ practice in functional skills education in England and Wales.

Technical Report and Executive Summary

In his inaugural lecture in March, PERU’s Visiting Professor Sir Martin Narey reflected on the links between care, custody, alcohol and child neglect

Kirstine Szifris will today give a talk at the Heyman Centre for Humanities

Venue: Number 70 Oxford Road
Thu 23 May 2019

PERU will today launch the Reducing Reoffending website.

Venue: Number 70 Oxford Road
Thu 16 May 2019

Venue: All Saints Building, Manchester Metropolitan University
Thu 16 May 2019

Venue: Geoffrey Manton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University
Tue 14 May 2019

Venue: Number 70 Oxford Road
Thu 9 May 201

PERU’s Kevin Wong will appear on BBC Radio Manchester today to talk about The Manchester CRIME and JUSTICE Film Festival.  

Rapid Evidence Assessment finds a growing body of evidence that lower probation caseloads have a positive impact in terms of reducing reoffending in the USA.

Venue: Geoffrey Manton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University
Tue 9 April 2019

We prefer ideas and solutions that we don’t have to work at, particularly those that chime with our existing ideologies and beliefs

PERU has completed a review of technology in probation supervision that is published today by HM Inspectorate of Probation.

Examining the effectiveness of remote supervision approaches and emerging new technologies to manage probation service users and assist with their desistance from further offending.

PERU’s Kirstine Szifris has been invited back to the Prison Research Centre, Cambridge University to lead a seminar today on Philosophy Education in Prisons.

The British Journal of Community Justice website is going live to our readers today. It’s a special issue on women offenders.

During a private visit to Vietnam over the Christmas period PERU's Dr Peter Traynor was invited to address the Vietnamese National Police Academy in Hanoi.

PERU’s Kevin Wong is proposing a distinctive model for the voluntary sector to engage with people with convictions built on: reciprocity, reliability, consistency and emotional pleasure.

Venue: Manchester Metropolitan University
Wed 9 January 2019

PERU’s Kirstine Szifris has had an article on boredom published by a leading philosophy magazine, How the Light Gets In.

Venue: Manchester Metropolitan University
Tue 6 November 2018

Venue: Manchester Metropolitan University
Tue 16 October 2018

Fulfilling the legacy of the Stephen Lawrence inquiry report – twenty years on

Complex commissioning for complex needs using partnerships, individuals assets and lived experience to build fulfilling lives.

PERU’s Rachel Kinsella and Kevin Wong along with other MMU colleagues have now completed their three-year evaluation of the Whole System Approach to Women Offenders in Greater Manchester.

The evaluation has found that the WSA provides a good example of a gendered approach to supporting women in contact with the criminal justice system or at risk of offending and has been successful in responding to a number of its key aims.

A Rapid Evidence Assessment

PERU’s Kirstine Szifris has been invited to give the closing keynote to the Tutor’s Association conference at the Barbican centre in London on October 16th 2018.

MMU is proud to be hosting the Prison Learning Alliance (PLA) Conference 2018.

A submission authored by PERU's Gavin Bailey, Phil Edwards and Kevin Wong has been published by the Defence Committee inquiry into Global Islamist Terrorism.

PERU Associate Dr. Phil Edwards has published a paper arguing that contemporary British counter-terrorist legislation is dominated by ‘counter-law

Earlier this year PERU’s Kevin Wong and Gavin Bailey contributed to the recording of a film aimed at raising awareness of Hate Crime amongst children and young people.

This paper articulates the first ‘general theory’ of prison education, offering a new insight into the relevance of desistance theory and understanding of prison sociology to the lives of men engaged in education whilst in prison.

PERU's Peter Traynor has had a piece on knife crime published in The Conversation.

PERU is delighted to announce that the Prison Learning Alliance conference is coming to Manchester Metropolitan University in the Autumn.

Outcome-based payment systems in the UK and US

Venue: Manchester Metropolitan University
Thu 26 April 2018

Dr Kirstine Szifris of PERU today presented the findings from her PhD work at the British Sociological Association conference at Northumbria University.

The T2A Pathway initiative, 6 projects led by charities in partnership with statutory services, delivered services to 16-25 year olds across sites in England between 2014-2017.

A new report published yesterday is advocating a distinct approach to the way that young adults are treated at court.

Venue: Manchester Metropolitan University
Tue 27 February 2018

Various approaches to personalisation are well-established in the UK social care sector and are now starting to ‘travel’ to other sectors.

PERU, partnership with Interserve today launched a new Reducing Reoffending website.

Venue: Manchester Metropolitan University
Tue 9 January 2018

PERU’s Kevin Wong presented findings from the Transition to Adulthood Pathway Programme Evaluation at “Between Care and the Criminal Justice System

Venue: Manchester Metropolitan University
Tue 21 November 2017

Venue: Manchester Metropolitan University
Thu 9 November 2017

The final process evaluation of the T2A Pathway initiative is published today.

Venue: Geoffrey Manton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University
Wed 13 September 2017

Kevin Wong (Associate Director of PERU) has published two articles, on Community Justice and Community Service in the newly published The Encyclopedia of Corrections, edited by Kent R. Kerley (Editor in Chief), published by Wiley

The Role of Ancient Philosophers in the Self-Understanding of Desisting Prisoners

The post holder will be based in the Policy Evaluation and Research Unit (PERU) and will work full time on research and evaluation projects that cover criminal justice and wider social policy including welfare, education and housing.

PERU's Professor Chris Fox is an invited speaker at a Knowledge Exchange event organised by the Scottish Prison Service taking place at the Scottish Prison Service College on the 14th July.

Community sentences: where did it all go wrong?

Payment by results and justice devolution in the probation sector

Manchester Metropolitan University is delighted to welcome Sir Martin Narey as a Visiting Professor at its Policy Evaluation and Research Unit (PERU).

Venue: Geoffrey Manton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University
Thu 6 April 2017

Kevin Wong and Rachel Kinsella from PERU will be co-facilitating a workshop at the 2nd National Summit on Tackling Multiple Disadvantage on the 9th May 2017.

PERU research associate, Kirstine Szifris, has been invited to speak at the Prison Education Trust's annual symposium.

A Rapid Evidence Assessment of the effectiveness of prison education in reducing recidivism and increasing employment

Staff from PERU are contributing to a number of events on Justice Devolution, working with Metropolis - Manchester Metropolitan's research-led think tank.

In Research Ethics in Criminology: Dilemmas, Issues and Solutions (Edited by Cowburn, Gelsthorpe and Wahidin)

The Bristol Dawes Unit was set up by Catch 22 in 2015 and works with young people at all stages of gang involvement: on the periphery, involved or entrenched. They receive referrals from the police, youth offending service, social services and schools.

This article reports on the early stages of a project to develop a model of offender rehabilitation that operationalises the concept of desistance.

Professor Stephen Morris and Kirstine Szifris continue their series of 'PERU-Novus: In Dialogue' sessions with a second meeting with the Novus ENiGMA team this week

Venue: Manchester Metropolitan University
Wed 14 December 2016

PERU is working with Manchester Met's Metropolis (an academic-led think tank) and iNetwork to organise a national event on Justice Devolution.

Venue: Geoffrey Manton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University
Mon 3 October 2016

On September 20th 2016 Professor Chris Fox is presenting to a group from the Dutch Ministry of Safety & Justice and the board, management and policy-advisors of the Dutch Probation Organisations.

PERU's Director, Professor Chris Fox, has become a Trustee and non-executive Director of the Coaching Inside and Out (CIAO).

When the Coalition government’s ‘rehabilitation revolution’ was first articulated, innovation was an important theme, encompassing innovation by frontline staff, by organisations working within a mixed economy and even social entrepreneurs.

A fairly robust body of evidence suggests that hotspots policing is an effective crime prevention strategy.

A new paper co-authored by PERU's Henry Partidge and published in the Journal of Quantitative Criminology

Venue: Geoffrey Manton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University | Thu 16 June 2016

Venue: Geoffrey Manton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University | Thu 19 May 2016

The criminal justice system (CJS) in England and Wales went through extensive reform under the Coalition Government of 2010-2015.

Venue: Manchester | Thu 5 May 2016

New members have recently joined the PERU team to support the broadening portfolio of work.

Venue: London, UK | Wed 13 April 2016

Venue: Geoffrey Manton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University | Tue 15 March 2016

PhD Scholarship Competition 2016

MMU is launching a Crime and Well-Being Big Data Centre. Several of the PERU team are involved and the Centre will be closely aligned with PERU. 

Venue: Geoffrey Manton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University | Tue 26 January 2016

Although women remain a minority group in the criminal justice system (CJS), there is increasing recognition amongst policy makers of the importance of understanding the needs of female offenders in order to better target resources and provide support that is responsive to these needs.

A new partnership will lead the way in offender learning, skills and employability.

Slides from Clinks 'Just and Affordable Rehabilitation' Conference, London, 1st December 2015

Venue: Geoffrey Manton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University | Tue 1 December 2015

Venue: Manchester Metropolitan University | Wed 4 November 2015

A NEW partnership will lead the way in offender learning, skills and employability.

Venue: Geoffrey Manton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University | Thu 24 September 2015

Venue: Geoffrey Manton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University. Location: Manchester, UK
Mon 14 September 2015

Professor Chris Fox's Seminar 'The next five years of criminal justice for England and Wales' at the Academy for Justice Commissioning.

Venue: Manchester Metropolitan University. Location: Geoffrey Manton Building, Rosamund Street West, Manchester M15 6LL. | Mon 20 July 2015

Venue: Manchester Metropolitan University, Geoffrey Manton Building, Rosamund Street West, Manchester M15 6LL | Tue 9 June 2015

The Whole System Approach (WSA) to women offenders across Greater Manchester aims to embed gender-responsive support for women at three points of the criminal justice system - arrest, sentencing and upon release from prison. The governance and funding of the WSA is overseen by the Justice and Rehabilitation Executive (JRE).

Venue: Webinar. Location: Manchester Metropolitan University | Mon 27 April 2015

Kevin Albertson discusses the difficulty of aligning private incentives with the public good

Professor Chris Fox and the Public Service Transformation Network are running a series of six free webinars on Evaluation, which we believe will be of benefit to Academy members.

Venue: Manchester Metropolitan University Business School | Tue 21 April 2015

Venue: Webinar. Location Manchester Metropolitan University | Mon 30 March 2015
Contact: Chris Fox Email: c.fox@mmu.ac.uk

Venue: Manchester Evening Seminar | Thu 5 February 2015

The Policy Evaluation and Research Unit (PERU) have published the London Probation Trust (LPT) Peer Mentoring Evaluation.

An article in "The Independent" highlights research to be published by Patrick Williams

PERU were commissioned by the Police and Crime Commissioner to evaluate the Greater Manchester Intensive Community Order (ICO) Programme.

Economic ideas and concepts have always influenced thinking about crime and criminal justice. Increasingly, however, criminologists, policy-makers and practitioners who draw on, or seek to critique, economic ideas take a rather narrow view of economics based on the prevailing orthodoxy: neo-liberalism. Neo-liberalism, vulgarly conceived, assumes society is comprised of self-serving, instrumentally rational actors.

In this briefing we highlight the importance of social innovation in the criminal justice system and ask whether reforms to the criminal justice system taking place as part of the Transforming Rehabilitation policy shift will encourage or deter social innovation in the future.

The criminal justice sector has never achieved rates of re-offending with which the public and policy makers are satisfied.

In the UK, national and local governments are struggling to cope with the economic crisis which ensued in 2008.

PERU Associate Dr. Peter Joyce is guest editor of  the January edition of Safer Communities ‘Police Crime Commissioners: Twelve Months On’

The ‘London Reducing Reoffending Programme’ (LRRP) was an innovative Payment by Results (PbR) programme that aimed to reduce youth reoffending in London.

The ‘London Reducing Reoffending Programme’ (LRRP) was an innovative Payment by Results (PbR) programme that aimed to reduce youth reoffending in London.

This summary presents the main findings from a range of research, conducted by Sheffield Hallam University and the Greater Manchester Probation Trust, exploring the learning from the Intensive Alternatives to Custody (IAC) pilots.

In Crime and Punishment in America, Currie notes that, short of major wars, mass imprisonment has been the most thoroughly implemented USA government social programme of recent times.

Thinking outside the cell.

Rising prison numbers and high rates of re-offending illustrate the need for criminal justice reform.

Using Isotopic Fractionation to Link Precursor to Product in the Synthesis of (±)-Mephedrone: A New Tool for Combating "Legal High" Drugs

Synthesis, full chemical characterisation and development of validated methods for the quantification of (±)-4'-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone): a new "legal high”