{"id":1436,"date":"2016-03-15T15:52:07","date_gmt":"2016-03-15T15:52:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mmuperu.co.uk\/bjcj\/?p=1436"},"modified":"2022-12-19T11:27:08","modified_gmt":"2022-12-19T11:27:08","slug":"practice-and-practitioners-in-2020","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mmuperu.co.uk\/bjcj\/articles\/practice-and-practitioners-in-2020\/","title":{"rendered":"Practice and Practitioners in 2020?"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row row_height_percent=”0″ override_padding=”yes” h_padding=”2″ top_padding=”3″ bottom_padding=”2″ overlay_alpha=”50″ equal_height=”yes” gutter_size=”3″ column_width_use_pixel=”yes” shift_y=”0″ z_index=”0″ column_width_pixel=”1000″][vc_column column_width_percent=”100″ position_horizontal=”left” gutter_size=”2″ override_padding=”yes” column_padding=”0″ overlay_alpha=”50″ shift_x=”0″ shift_y=”0″ shift_y_down=”0″ z_index=”0″ medium_width=”0″ align_mobile=”align_left_mobile” mobile_width=”0″ width=”2\/3″][vc_custom_heading text_font=”font-128611″ text_size=”h3″ text_weight=”500″ text_color=”color-210407″]Articles[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_separator sep_color=”color-210407″ el_height=”1px”][vc_custom_heading auto_text=”yes” text_font=”font-128611″ text_size=”h1″ text_weight=”500″ text_color=”accent”]This is a custom heading element.[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Published<\/span><\/td>\n15\/03\/2016<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Type<\/td>\nArticle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Author(s)<\/td>\nJohn Deering<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Corresponding Authors<\/td>\nJohn Deering, Reader in Criminology & Criminal Justice, University of South Wales<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
DOA<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
DOI<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner column_width_percent=”100″ gutter_size=”3″ overlay_alpha=”50″ shift_x=”0″ shift_y=”0″ shift_y_down=”0″ z_index=”0″ medium_width=”0″ align_mobile=”align_center_mobile” mobile_width=”0″ width=”1\/1″][uncode_share layout=”multiple” bigger=”yes” separator=”yes”][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_column_text]Quite apart from the organisational and governance impact of Transforming Rehabilitation (TR), which has, of course seen the destruction of the unified public sector probation service, the TR changes have called into question something even more fundamental to probation practice. Who will be probation practitioners in this uncertain future and what will they see as the purpose of that practice? What will be their value base , why will they join; will they see the job as akin to a vocation aimed at providing \u2018help\u2019 in the broad sense, or as something altogether more basic, managerial and concerned with law enforcement?<\/p>\n

Addressing such questions requires crystal-ball gazing, but there have perhaps been some features of the past 25 years or so that might provide a few pointers. It seems to me that successive governments have, since the 1991 Criminal Justice Act made the probation order \u2018punishment in the community\u2019, wished to change the ethos and practices of the service, a process that has fallen into a recognisable trajectory that culminated in TR. Quite apart from governance, the attempt to change practice included the intention to do this via changing practitioners, which began with the abolition of social work training in the mid-1990s by Home Secretary Michael Howard. Howard\u2019s intention was to \u2018toughen up\u2019 probation by recruiting largely ex-forces personnel who were not to be professionally trained. This was presumably based on a stereotypical assumption that such recruits would necessarily bring toughness, whatever that meant, to the job. This effort failed, as probation services refused to recruit non-social work trained personnel in the period before the incoming Labour government created the Diploma in Probation Studies (DiPS). The DiPS itself was controversial in some quarters due to its non-social work base, but there is evidence that these new recruits came into the job and training with the same underlying value base as had probably been the case for their social work predecessors (Annison, 2006; Deering, 2010).<\/p>\n

Various theoretical and empirical studies have investigated and debated \u2018probation\u00a0values\u2019 in recent decades (e.g. Annison, 2006; Annison et al., 2008; Deering, 2011; Farrow,\u00a02004; Nellis & Gelsthorpe, 2003; Robinson & McNeill, 2004; Williams, 1995) whilst a few\u00a0others have looked at trainees specifically in terms of their values and why they joined the\u00a0probation service (Annison, 2006; Deering, 2010). In brief, these values coalesced around\u00a0a belief in people\u2019s ability to change and the legitimate and potentially effective role of\u00a0probation practice in facilitating that change. Trainees and experienced practitioners alike\u00a0shared these values, which were to be operationalised via the professional relationship\u00a0that was seen to be the basis of good practice. The relationship should be empathic, prosocial, make proper use of legitimate authority, be encouraging and aim to assist with the\u00a0reduction of an individual\u2019s problems and difficulties, all within a non-judgemental and\u00a0anti-discriminatory approach which clearly eschewed rational choice theories of crime for\u00a0more determinist ideas, whilst acknowledging at the individual level a measure of choice.\u00a0Alongside this, the debate about effectiveness, from \u2018Nothing Works\u2019 to \u2018What Works\u2019\u00a0evolved, to be joined more latterly by desistance which called into question more\u00a0\u2018treatment\u2019 based models of practice and developed a model for probation that was more\u00a0about the collaborative removal of barriers to\u00a0desistance (Farrall, 2002; McNeill, 2006;\u00a0Weaver & McNeill, 2010). However, as removed from each other as desistance and\u00a0cognitive-behaviourist approaches might be, the professional relationship, its nature and\u00a0importance has perhaps been the element common to these and indeed any other\u00a0approach and seems to have remained central to practitioners\u2019 ideas about
\nprofessionalism and effectiveness throughout various government-imposed changes.<\/p>\n

Although it can be argued that the value base of people recruited to and working within\u00a0the service has been resilient and retains many elements of what might be called\u00a0\u2018traditional\u2019 (i.e. aligned to social work) values, practice itself has had to adapt to changing\u00a0priorities represented by the rise of risk, punishment, enforcement and compliance and\u00a0the rest of the managerialist, late modern paraphernalia. However, it also seems to have\u00a0been the case that practitioners, based upon their values have adapted to and adapted\u00a0government changes to the purpose and focus of practice. For example, whilst\u00a0practitioners accepted government moves towards risk management and\u00a0 accountability to\u00a0the courts, it seems likely that they interpreted these moves in ways not completely\u00a0aligned to that intended by government (Deering, 2011; Mawby & Worrall, 2013). The risk\u00a0agenda was accepted in the main, but was interpreted about being concerned as much\u00a0with the risk of re-offending as the risk of harm; whilst the latter was more directly linked\u00a0to public protection, the former was seen as equally important in that those of lower risk\u00a0of harm represented the clear majority of probationers and were often at higher risk of reoffending\u00a0and it is in trying to reduce that risk by engaging with individuals that much or\u00a0most of probation practice was seen as lying; practitioners did not see their role as simply\u00a0\u2018offender management\u2019. Similarly, the law enforcement and punishment agendas were\u00a0addressed by practitioners creatively, with a rejection of administrative or \u2018knee jerk\u2019\u00a0enforcement and breach in preference for a more nuanced approach that took individual\u00a0needs and degrees of engagement into account (Deering, 2011; Mawby & Worrall, 2013).\u00a0Practitioners also seem to have rejected managerialism, with its professional emptiness\u00a0which measured processes not outcomes and seemed lacking in concern for the quality of\u00a0practice, but rather that targets were simply achieved.\u00a0Practice and practitioners in 2020?<\/p>\n

Into this situation of continuous top-down change and practitioner adaptation came the\u00a0threat to the integrity of probation as a unified public sector organisation. This was\u00a0initiated by the creation of the National Offender Management Service and realised by TR.\u00a0Whilst changes prior to TR had arguably not seen a complete undermining of probation\u00a0principles and values, at least not at practitioner level, TR threatens their very existence. It\u00a0seems to me that the abolition of any requirement for a professional qualification for\u00a0anyone working within the Community Rehabilitation Companies (CRCs) has changed the\u00a0game in a way that will be difficult to resist. Whilst there would of course be no reason\u00a0why CRCs could not appoint qualified staff, there is no obvious reason why they might\u00a0have any interest in doing so, for two reasons at least. Firstly, the expense will prove\u00a0prohibitive for organisations that have already shown they are intending to cut costs\u00a0wherever possible (Lawrence, 2016) and, secondly, there is no indication that they are\u00a0interested in the quality of practice per se, as recent announcements about reducing staff\u00a0levels in CRCs is linked to the coming of biometric technologies that can allow for a\u00a0\u2018reporting only\u2019 supervision for \u2018probationers\u2019, many of whom will be of high risk of reoffending,\u00a0with considerable personal and social needs (Travis, 2015).<\/p>\n

On the other hand, there may be a residual commitment to rehabilitative approaches and\u00a0it is perhaps here that there might be more hope for the future. Although probation being\u00a0a public sector enterprise has been of fundamental importance to practitioners to date\u00a0(Deering & Feilzer, 2015) this may well become less of a factor over time and \u2018the job\u2019 will\u00a0continue to attract to it individuals committed to working empathically and offering \u2018help\u2019\u00a0in an attempt to promote desistance and rehabilitation. However, it does seem more than\u00a0likely that such individuals will be working in an environment that may not formally value\u00a0their professionalism and skills.<\/p>\n

Within the National Probation Service (NPS), the situation may be very different. The\u00a0government has announced new arrangement for professional training (National\u00a0Probation Service, 2015) and TR commits the NPS to a professional workforce. In such a\u00a0situation, individuals that hold similar underlying values to those that have gone before\u00a0will have an organisation prepared to train and qualify them professionally and to require\u00a0them to work at a level beyond that of the \u2018reporting only\u2019 CRCs. However, the NPS\u2019s sole\u00a0focus on higher risk of harm individuals will perhaps play up the law enforcement, public protection element of the job and this may itself reduce its attractiveness to some\u00a0potential applicants. In a study conducted online before the split of the service in June\u00a02014, Martina Feilzer from Bangor University and I considered the views of probation staff\u00a0about the possible impact of TR (Deering & Feilzer, 2015). Unsurprisingly, those who\u00a0replied to our survey (over 1300 individuals) were unequivocally opposed to the split and\u00a0particularly the selling off of part of the service. They were pessimistic about the future,both in employment and professional terms and saw the division into the NPS and CRCs as\u00a0inevitably leading to a two-tier service, with the CRCs, despite supervising some 70% of\u00a0the previous caseload seen as very much second-class, due to them being deprofessionalised.\u00a0More surprising was the relatively negative view of the prospects of\u00a0working in the NPS. Whilst this was seen as positive as it would remain in the public\u00a0sector, the sole focus on higher risk of harm was seen as narrowing the job professionally\u00a0and risking burn-out. Moreover, the civil service was seen as likely to be more top-down,\u00a0rule-driven and less amenable to professional discretion and creativity.<\/p>\n

Since the split, the news has been largely negative: staff shortages, stress and high\u00a0workloads in the NPS and, as mentioned, cuts and job losses in the CRCs. In a study\u00a0conducted for Napo that primarily looked at employment relations post TR, Kirton and\u00a0Guillame (2015) have argued that staff feel that TR has de-professionalised the service and\u00a0that stress levels are high, due to higher workloads, job insecurity, less autonomy and\u00a0reduced opportunities for training and progression. Many respondents in their study were\u00a0considering leaving the service, something that was also recorded in our pre-TR survey in\u00a02014 (Deering & Feilzer, 2015).<\/p>\n

It seems difficult to be optimistic at this stage about who might be practitioners in 2020.\u00a0Many existing staff may have left, via retirement or seeking alternative employment.\u00a0Whilst there will likely be a professional training, if it is limited to the employment needs\u00a0of the NPS, it will involve a relatively small number of people, leaving the majority of\u00a0\u2018probation supervisees\u2019 within the CRCs potentially supervised by unqualified staff utilising\u00a0biometric reporting technology. More optimistically, even TR may fail to dissuade the \u2018usual suspects\u2019, people wishing to engage in \u2018probation work\u2019 for those reasons outlined\u00a0above, from applying to work within the CRCs as well as the NPS. If this is the case, there\u00a0remains hope that humanistic, empathic and curious practice can survive, breaking out\u00a0from the TR confines of managerialism, offender management and punishment.<\/p>\n

References<\/h3>\n

Annison, J. (2006) Career Trajectories of Graduate Trainee Probation Officers. Plymouth:\u00a0University of Plymouth.
\nAnnison, J., Eadie, T. and Knight, C. (2008) People First: Probation Officer Perspectives on\u00a0Probation Work, Probation Journal, 55(3): 259-272.
\nDeering, J. (2010) Attitudes and Beliefs of Trainee Probation Officers \u2013 a New Breed?\u2019,\u00a0Probation Journal, 57(1): 9-26.
\nDeering, J. (2011) Probation Practice and the New Penology: practitioner reflections.\u00a0Aldershot: Ashgate.
\nDeering, J. and Feilzer, M. Y. (2015) Transforming Rehabilitation: is privatisation the end of\u00a0the probation ideal? Bristol: Policy Press.
\nFarrall, S. (2002) Rethinking What Works with Offenders. Cullompton: Willan.
\nFarrow, K. (2004) Still Committed after all These Years? Morale in the Modern-Day\u00a0Probation Service, Probation Journal, 51(3): 206-220.
\nKirton, G. and Guillame, C. (2015) Employment relations and working conditions in\u00a0probation after Transforming Rehabilitation – with a special focus on gender and union\u00a0effects. London: Queen Mary, University of London.
\nLawrence, I. (2016) More CRC’s join the job cuts stampede. London: Napo.
\nMawby, R. C. and Worrall, A. (2013) Doing Probation Work: identity in a criminal justice\u00a0occupation. London: Routledge.
\nMcNeill, F. (2006) A Desistance Paradigm for Offender Management, Criminology and\u00a0Criminal Justice, 6(1): 39-62.
\nNational Probation Service (2015) Train to be a probation officer. Online. Available at:\u00a0http:\/\/www.traintobeaprobationofficer.com\/the-opportunity\/
\nNellis, M. and Gelsthorpe, L. (2003) ‘Human Rights and the Probation Values Debate’, in\u00a0W. Chui and M. Nellis (Eds.) Moving Probation Forward. Harlow: Pearson.
\nRobinson, G. and McNeill, F. (2004) ‘Purposes Matter: Examining the ‘Ends’ of Probation’,\u00a0in G. Mair (Ed.) What Matters in Probation. Cullompton: Willan.
\nTravis, A. (2015) Probation officers face redundancy with plans to replace them by\u00a0machines. The Guardian.
\nWeaver, B. and McNeill, F. (2010) ‘Travelling hopefully: desistance theory and probation\u00a0practice’, in J. Brayford, F. Cowe and J. Deering (Eds.), What else works? Creative work\u00a0with offenders. Cullompton: Willan.
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