{"id":1355,"date":"2015-03-15T14:07:23","date_gmt":"2015-03-15T14:07:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mmuperu.co.uk\/bjcj\/?p=1355"},"modified":"2022-12-19T11:05:24","modified_gmt":"2022-12-19T11:05:24","slug":"book-reviews-13-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mmuperu.co.uk\/bjcj\/review\/book-reviews-13-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Book Reviews (13.1)"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row row_height_percent=”0″ override_padding=”yes” h_padding=”2″ top_padding=”3″ bottom_padding=”2″ overlay_alpha=”50″ equal_height=”yes” gutter_size=”3″ column_width_use_pixel=”yes” shift_y=”0″ z_index=”0″ column_width_pixel=”1000″][vc_column column_width_percent=”100″ position_horizontal=”left” gutter_size=”2″ override_padding=”yes” column_padding=”0″ overlay_alpha=”50″ shift_x=”0″ shift_y=”0″ shift_y_down=”0″ z_index=”0″ medium_width=”0″ align_mobile=”align_left_mobile” mobile_width=”0″ width=”2\/3″][vc_custom_heading text_font=”font-128611″ text_size=”h3″ text_weight=”500″ text_color=”color-210407″]Articles[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_separator sep_color=”color-210407″ el_height=”1px”][vc_custom_heading auto_text=”yes” text_font=”font-128611″ text_size=”h1″ text_weight=”500″ text_color=”accent”]This is a custom heading element.[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Published<\/span><\/td>\n15\/03\/2015<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Type<\/td>\nReview<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Author(s)<\/td>\nJake Phillips, Anne Robinson<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Corresponding Authors<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
DOA<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
DOI<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

[\/vc_column_text][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner column_width_percent=”100″ gutter_size=”3″ overlay_alpha=”50″ shift_x=”0″ shift_y=”0″ shift_y_down=”0″ z_index=”0″ medium_width=”0″ align_mobile=”align_center_mobile” mobile_width=”0″ width=”1\/1″][uncode_share layout=”multiple” bigger=”yes” separator=”yes”][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_column_text]SERVANT OF THE CROWN- A CIVIL SERVANT\u2019S STORY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND PUBLIC SECTOR REFORM<\/strong>
\nFaulkner, David (2014) Hampshire, UK: Waterside Press pp 208 (pbk) \u00a319.95. ISBN 978-1-909976-02-3<\/p>\n

This detailed and focused book is an insider\u2019s attempt to make sense of the shifts in policy and decision making, changes between consultation and final result and impacts of different political ideologies that have brought criminal justice to its current position in the UK. It is an account of David Faulkner\u2019s professional work and role underpinned by detailed understanding of changing political positions and by the ideological perspective of the observer. Uniting these three perspectives, personal, political and ideological is an impossible task but David Faulkner navigates the waters with more authority than most observers could. In this volume he complements the analysis given in Faulkner (2006) and Faulkner and Burnett (2011) with a personal, almost autobiographical, account of experience inside Whitehall as a working Civil servant.<\/p>\n

While this book contains elements of autobiography Faulkner retains a hold on the crux of the debate raised in previous work: how does and how should the administrative arm of the state relate to the governmental arm? How can a civil service be constructed that has at its heart rigour, ethical practice and humanity and whose principle purpose, in Faulkner\u2019s words, is to \u2018speak truth to power\u2019 but which is resourced and managed by the government? This conundrum is particularly clear as Faulkner charts changes like the evolution of ideas about public confidence: originally to reflect certainty that the \u2018system was accountable, that what was supposed to happen did happen\u2019 and finally as an argument \u2018for convicting more offenders\u2019 (pp90). The argument is pulled together in the final chapter of the book, in which Faulkner allows himself to write more personally. However, a major strength of the book lies in the way in which this fundamental question runs through this account of different roles, tasks and aspects in criminal justice.<\/p>\n

The account is detailed and meticulously sourced. Faulkner\u2019s respect for research findings and their place in policy creation is clear: He discusses that issue with caution and insight. To some extent the book is strongest when looking carefully at the way in which the civil service has developed methods of accountability. There is a balance to be struck between being accountable for naming and presenting outcomes and letting those outcomes\u00a0become the drivers of action rather than reflections of an approach. This organizational\u00a0challenge is recognized, although it could not be resolved. The book describes the \u2018job\u2019 of\u00a0developing a working managerial civil service in a time when ideas about the state,\u00a0ideology and practice in government and social mores were all in a state of change. In\u00a0chapters 5 and 6 and again in chapter 10 Faulkner explicitly explores this with reference to\u00a0both criminal justice and to the expectations and behaviour of civil servants: A move\u00a0towards a more punitive approach both to offenders and to professional standards.<\/p>\n

Because Faulkner has held different roles, and Home Office responsibilities have changed\u00a0over time this volume gives insight into some very specific actions, like re-building\u00a0Holloway Women\u2019s prison. The narrative structure means that the account can end as he\u00a0moves role. This can lead to a partial story: for instance, responsibility for Northern Ireland\u00a0came at a particular point in the peace process and therefore does not address many of\u00a0the complications of that process. The running thread through the narrative account lies in\u00a0the development and overview of criminal justice in the broadest sense: Not only how to\u00a0punish but also who to punish and how to support actors in the system. There are\u00a0particular and detailed accounts of both the prison and probation services: Unusually the\u00a0points made are supported by reference to non-government actions and discussions.\u00a0These chapters provide invaluable\u00a0 background reading for students from first degree to\u00a0doctorate, linked as they are with an understanding of political intention as well as result.<\/p>\n

Faulkner does not flinch from personal ideological and actual opposition to government\u00a0policies. In the build up to the Criminal Justice Act 1991 he presents the development of\u00a0practical and conceptual difficulties and regrets the final outcome. This does not mean\u00a0that he is willing to personalize his account. The autobiographical aspect of this book is\u00a0constrained to description of actions and reactions, ideology and political difference.\u00a0While the picture of a life lived according to principles of service and professionalism, with\u00a0care and diligence for those who come into contact with criminal justice is clear, there is\u00a0no glimpse given of the frustrations and triumphs, the likes and the dislikes, the human\u00a0faces of the actors.<\/p>\n

To some extent this approach makes this narrative a difficult book to become involved in.\u00a0It is an invaluable account of the actions of the time, both for the detail given and the\u00a0resources used but the detail can become dense. It addresses the big questions of the last\u00a0fifty years, as much about relationships of power as about criminal justice. It will be read\u00a0and enjoyed by those interested in political ideology as much as by criminologists but it is\u00a0not a book whose merit will be immediately appreciated by newcomers to the area.<\/p>\n

Dr Clare Beckett, Senior Lecturer, Sociology and Criminology, University of Bradford<\/em><\/p>\n

References<\/strong>
\nFaulkner, D. (2006)\u00a0Crime State and Citizen: A Field Full of Folk<\/em>. Hampshire, UK: Waterside\u00a0Press.
\nFaulkner, D. and Burnett, R. (2011)\u00a0Where Next for Criminal Justice?<\/em>\u00a0Policy Press.<\/p>\n

UNDERSTANDING RESTORATIVE JUSTICE \u2013 HOW EMPATHY\u00a0CAN CLOSE THE GAP CREATED BY CRIME<\/strong>
\nPete Wallis (2014). Bristol: Policy Press. pp 224 (pbk) \u00a312.99. ISBN 978-144731742-5<\/p>\n

\u2018Understanding Restorative Justice\u2019 is an interesting read for those concerned with this important and expanding field, combining practical insight with a theoretical foundation\u00a0as to why \u2018empathy\u2019 is the essential ingredient for the successful resolution of crime\u00a0related harm. In this respect the book makes an innovative contribution to the literature.<\/p>\n

Although the declared intent is to provide a resource suitable for general readership, the\u00a0book is unmistakably written from the experienced practitioner\u2019s perspective, and at\u00a0times appears to focus more on a practitioner-orientated audience. That being said, it\u00a0does provide a very good grounding in what Restorative Justice (\u2018RJ\u2019) is all about,\u00a0highlighting relevant academic and empirical research as well as explaining the realities\u00a0and practical mechanics of facilitating the RJ process. The easy conversational style, use of\u00a0topic and sub-headings, cartoon-type illustrations, list of current resources and key texts,\u00a0certainly provides both a comprehensive and readable introduction to the \u2018restorative\u00a0approach.\u2019 In some respects it is arguable that its simplicity of form and presentation\u00a0belies the significance of this work.<\/p>\n

What makes this an innovative contribution to the field is that Pete Wallis has focused on\u00a0the interaction between the offender (\u2018the person responsible\u2019) and the victim (\u2018the\u00a0person harmed\u2019) and provides a cogent explanation as to why empathy is \u2018the driver\u2019 for\u00a0the RJ process. Using Simon Baron-Cohen\u2019s recent work on the link between offending\u00a0and low empathy, Wallis takes the reader on the restorative journey explaining how at the\u00a0point of the offence a \u2018gap\u2019 is created between the parties despite the fact that the harm\u00a0inextricably links them together. As the author points out, empathy \u2018is a notoriously\u00a0complex topic\u2019 of interest to scholars in a variety of disciplines, and so in introducing the\u00a0subject, the construct (supported by useful authorities) is defined in the context of\u00a0restorative practice. More importantly, Wallis explains the need for \u2018resonant empathy\u2019:\u00a0the restorative process is dynamic, where parties are carefully brought closer together on\u00a0the \u2018restorative journey\u2019 to heal the harm, through a greater understanding of the other\u2019s\u00a0perspective.<\/p>\n

Through the following thirteen chapters, the six \u2018levels\u2019 of empathy are explored. At the\u00a0outset the harm creates the \u2018gap\u2019. Those who are hurt or are unhappy understandably\u00a0focus on their suffering and it is difficult to see the perspective of anyone else. This applies\u00a0as much to the person responsible for the harm as the person harmed, for, as has been\u00a0suggested by others, there is arguably a link between the causes of crime and unhappiness\u00a0and such unhappiness causes us to focus \u2018on the self\u2019. This is Empathy Level Zero:\u00a0\u2018hurting\u2019, where in many cases the parties do not want to have further contact, often from\u00a0fear of the consequences. However in doing so, many people are unable to fully resume\u00a0their former lives as if the harm had never happened. Interestingly Wallis makes the point\u00a0(which really invites further exploration) that the Criminal Justice System (\u2018CJS\u2019) often can\u00a0be seen as reinforcing the gap (or \u2018social distance\u2019) between the parties when, for\u00a0example, the parties are prevented from making contact and at most, limiting the role of\u00a0the person harmed to the submission of a Victim Personal Statement during the court
\nprocess. In this respect Wallis argues the case for \u2018parallel justice\u2019 in the CJS to ensure the\u00a0needs of both \u2018the harmer\u2019 and \u2018the harmed\u2019 are more effectively addressed.<\/p>\n

The point is well made however, of the importance of the CJS in cases where an element\u00a0of compulsion is necessary to bring the parties together. The two chapters which\u00a0constitute \u2018Empathy Level One: seeing\u2019 notes how the RJ process can be a legal\u00a0requirement in some circumstances and provides examples of the Family Group\u00a0Conferencing experience in New Zealand and Northern Ireland. One aspect which could\u00a0have been further interrogated is whether statutorily or court imposed time frames for RJ\u00a0conferencing (which appears to structure RJ around CJS imperatives), can undermine the\u00a0process, bearing in mind it has to be \u2018a partnership of the willing\u2019 (p.122). Each party is on\u00a0a personal journey of healing and the legal framework requires flexibility to accommodate\u00a0individual needs which is emphasised in the following four chapters that describe\u00a0\u2018Empathy Level Two: voicing\u2019.<\/p>\n

As Wallis notes \u2018one of the trickiest aspects of successful restorative justice involves\u00a0getting the timing right\u2019 (p.71) and from this point onwards (with subsequent chapters\u00a0covering Empathy Levels: Three – \u2018hearing\u2019; Four – \u2018helping\u2019; and Five – \u2018healing\u2019), the\u00a0author draws on his extensive work as a facilitator, highlighting both the problems likely to\u00a0be encountered along the journey and providing guidance in getting the parties to close\u00a0the gap to achieve a healing resolution. Even so, the book is well balanced, explaining why\u00a0the \u2018take-up rate\u2019 of RJ is woefully small and that there will always be cases where the\u00a0parties can\u2019t or won\u2019t move and situations where a restorative \u2018encounter\u2019 should not\u00a0even be attempted. Essentially \u2018Understanding Restorative Justice\u2019 is not only a very\u00a0important resource for anyone associated with the RJ field, but it should prompt more\u00a0academic enquiry into the dynamics of the inter-party relationship and raises an\u00a0important issue for policy makers: how can RJ be \u2018institutionalised\u2019 without losing the\u00a0essentially human, and intangible, element of empathy.<\/p>\n

A.R. Parsons, PhD Candidate, Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge<\/em><\/p>\n

INNOVATIVE JUSTICE<\/strong>
\nHannah Graham and Rob White (2015) Oxon: Routledge. pp 170 (hbk) \u00a385.00 ISBN 978-0-415-63211-9<\/p>\n

Innovative Justice provides a welcome addition to the field of criminology and criminal\u00a0justice. The global reshaping and restructuring of criminal justice systems and agencies has increased acceptance of social entrepreneurship and innovative justice \u2018making a positive\u00a0difference in the lives of offenders and those around them\u2019 (p.1). This timely book\u00a0presents a number of innovative projects in criminal justice from jurisdictions around the\u00a0world. The authors take on quite a challenge in doing this, as these innovative projects are\u00a0subject to (sometimes unpredictable) rapid changes from \u2018fiscal insecurity, short-termism\u00a0in funding and electoral cycles and politics of the jurisdictions and social contexts in which\u00a0they exist\u2019 (p.17). There are also very challenging methodological issues with research of\u00a0this magnitude. The authors use an Appreciative Inquiry (AI) approach which is an applied\u00a0and collaborative method with an action-oriented change focus, which is positive and\u00a0strengths-based (p.13). The research method itself is somewhat innovative, and the\u00a0authors succeed in delivering a ground-breaking and inspirational book.<\/p>\n

Innovative Justice comprises eight chapters: Chapter one begins with a critical overview of\u00a0the paradoxes of justice in criminal justice systems around the world, and it outlines the\u00a0key concepts and theoretical foundations of the book, notably theories of desistance. A\u00a0discussion of defining innovative justice follows with an overview of the research methods\u00a0adopted.<\/p>\n

The innovations are presented in chapters two to seven through six broad themes: (1) the\u00a0arts: from prison-based initiatives teaching skilled needlework to inmates in England and\u00a0Wales to hand-crafted products such as greeting cards and home furnishings in Bolivia; (2)\u00a0Skills-based initiatives: a number of vocational and educational prison initiatives from the\u00a0United States and the United Kingdom, that include programmes teaching prisoners\u00a0entrepreneurial skills or building motorcycles, and workshops in shoe and watch repairs\u00a0possibly leading to employment post-release; (3) Greening justice: a number of initiatives\u00a0which \u2018provide in-depth insight into the human dimensions associated with learning\u00a0about, interacting with, and deriving benefit from Nature\u2019 (p.54). Examples include a\u00a0prison gardening and horticultural initiative in Australia and a project in Papua New\u00a0Guinea teaching inmates and correctional officers the basics of fish farming; (4) Animals\u00a0and therapeutic justice: therapeutic benefits of including animals in a variety of criminal\u00a0justice contexts including prison-based animal programmes in the United States, which\u00a0deliver therapeutic, rehabilitative and vocational projects with inmates, and a programme\u00a0in Israel providing dog training classes to prisoners with complex needs; (5) Countering\u00a0extremism: chapter six focuses on working with terrorist and extremist offenders in Saudi\u00a0Arabia and reducing hate crimes in Northern Ireland. Although the authors acknowledge\u00a0they \u2018are not subject experts\u2019 (p.93), they provide a good discussion and reflection of the\u00a0innovations and ideas; (6) Community-based justice: the Yellow Ribbon Project in\u00a0Singapore raises public awareness and community support for the reintegration of exoffenders\u00a0from their communities, and an initiative in Australia that trains prisoners to
\nvolunteer as community sports umpires whilst serving prison sentences.<\/p>\n

All empirical chapters are similarly structured, sharing common sub-headings. The\u00a0structure works very well and allows for continuity throughout the book, which increases\u00a0content accessibility. The empirical chapters outline the \u2018Foundational concepts and\u00a0practices,\u2019 and each initiative is described under the heading \u2018Snapshots of innovation\u2019,\u00a0with a review section, \u2018Understanding best practices\u2019 critically appraising the initiatives\u2019\u00a0key lessons and learning points. Next, the section \u2018Questions and critical reflections\u2019 offers\u00a0\u2018an opportunity to encourage critical thought and reflexive application\u2019 (p.18).<\/p>\n

In chapter eight, the authors draw together the key themes, issues and critical reflections\u00a0of the book, highlighting the challenges and positive contribution of innovation in criminal\u00a0justice very well. In particular, suggesting core principles for innovation and advocating\u00a0the use of strengths-based approaches in researching and evaluating such initiatives.<\/p>\n

The analysis is heavily focused on prison-based projects and initiatives, and a\u00a0complimentary review of community-based projects within each themed section would\u00a0have strengthened the empirical chapters. In addition, a key concern of projects and\u00a0initiatives working with offenders is the evaluation of their impact. Whilst some of the\u00a0initiatives appear to have incorporated evaluative processes, this was unclear for many of\u00a0those presented, and some discussion of evaluation of impact would have been useful.\u00a0The critical reflection sections assist the reader in understanding the themes of best\u00a0practice for the initiatives presented, and they provide questions to encourage critical
\nthought, which adds to the concise and accessible nature of the book.<\/p>\n

Overall, the authors set out to \u2018promote innovation and improvement in services and\u00a0systems that work with ex-offenders\u2019 and pursue their passion for \u2018what else works\u2019\u00a0(p.12). They achieve this in a thoughtful and well-structured book, which will be of valued\u00a0interest to academics, criminal justice practitioners, students and innovators.<\/p>\n

Dr Daniel Marshall, Managing Director, 81 Dots and Visiting Scholar, Institute of\u00a0Criminology, University of Cambridge<\/em><\/p>\n

WHAT WORKS IN OFFENDER COMPLIANCE: INTERNATIONAL\u00a0PERSPECTIVES AND EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE<\/strong>
\nPamela Ugwudike and Peter Raynor (2013) Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan. pp 382 (pbk)\u00a0\u00a325.99 ISBN 978-1-137-01951-6<\/p>\n

The discussion around compliance and its related dynamics is, by the say of the editors\u00a0Pamela Ugwudike and Peter Raynor, a \u2018mammoth task\u2019 (p.4). Compliance is a\u00a0multidimensional construct with varying characteristics according to the specific\u00a0relationships and contexts at play (e.g., probation officers and probationers in the\u00a0community, prison officers and prisoners in prison etc.). The editors must be praised for\u00a0the great effort which they have undertaken in compiling a book whose contributions are\u00a0mostly organic, exhaustive and stimulate further discussion. This book includes a variety of\u00a0themes, from community sentences to probation, from critical investigation to a\u00a0reconstruction of the history of supervision in England and Wales. The book leads the\u00a0reader into\u00a0a full immersion about the topics and issues around compliance. The feeling,\u00a0at the end of the book, is of a healthy balance between intellectual fulfilment and\u00a0stimulation, which leads to further curiosities and questions about compliance, in its\u00a0theoretical and practical applications. The book is a great anthology aimed at\u00a0\u201cpractitioners, students, policy makers and others interested in rehabilitation research,\u00a0policy and practice\u201d (p.5).<\/p>\n

The book, while providing useful insights, shows the limitations of approaching single\u00a0contributions separately. I appreciate the discussions around the concept of compliance as\u00a0it is applied in various areas of the criminal justice system and in different countries\u00a0around the world (Belgium, France, United States, and Australia). The book is best\u00a0appreciated when read cover to cover, in order to fully understand the complex\u00a0interrelationships between the themes focused upon in each individual chapter. To do\u00a0otherwise would give the reader only a partial understanding of this complex topic.\u00a0Compliance is multi-componential and best understood by adopting a socio-psychological
\nperspective, together with a historical and cultural one. This approach helps to appreciate\u00a0how the \u2018issue\u2019 of compliance is dealt with in other countries, or, for England and Wales,\u00a0how it has been dealt with in the past.<\/p>\n

The book provides evidence of effective practices which may encourage compliance, and\u00a0the sheer importance of addressing service users\u2019 needs and difficulties. At the same time\u00a0the book also shows how the current demands on practitioners can defeat this same\u00a0aspiration for compliance. The demand for \u2018quantitative\u2019 indicators of compliance is one\u00a0example. This requirement does not always reflect true change or desistance (substantive\u00a0compliance) but, rather, a form of compliance which is only \u2018formal\u2019 (a superficial change\u00a0which satisfies managerialist \u2018tick boxes\u2019 exercises rather than reflecting true\u00a0rehabilitation and \u2018reformation\u2019 of the ex-offenders). This important distinction in forms of\u00a0compliance (see Bottoms, 2001, and in this book, and more recently McNeill and\u00a0Robinson, 2012) is well articulated by Ben Crewe in his chapter on prisoners\u2019 compliance.\u00a0Here he provides an indication of the wider\u00a0 influences which the socio-political climate,\u00a0current policies and social environments can actually be counterproductive and stimulate\u00a0a superficial acceptance of fate \u2013 one which is mistakenly interpreted as compliance.<\/p>\n

The book represents an important call to reconsider the current practices and policies in\u00a0offenders\u2019 rehabilitation and supervision. The criminal justice system\u2019s limited\u00a0understanding of compliance becomes evident where, for example, programme\u00a0completion, recidivism and its equivalent desistance are assumed as true indicators of\u00a0compliance. This call for a critical approach is echoed in Gelsthorpe and Robinson\u2019s\u00a0chapters. The former chapter sets the basis for a theoretical discussion around the need to\u00a0be careful in discussing compliance, as it is often a blurred concept which imprecisely\u00a0overlaps with issues linked to programme completion and desistance. The latter chapter
\nargues that the meaning of compliance has been historically and socially constructed, and\u00a0must not be taken as a given. Policies to foster compliance have detoured from the key\u00a0need for \u2018substantive compliance\u2019 in favour of \u2018formal compliance\u2019. This is particularly true\u00a0as the range of factors which interfere is quite extended, as shown in Ugwudike\u2019s chapter.\u00a0External factors, such as child minding needs and\/or transportation difficulties, can\u00a0considerably affect one person\u2019s ability to attend supervisory meetings, with this lack of\u00a0attendance being solely at the level of formal non-compliance, rather than substantial\u00a0non-compliance.<\/p>\n

For this reason, and also because the working relationship between practitioners and\u00a0service users is a two-way relationship, the editors support the further investigation of\u00a0offenders\u2019 \u2018responsivity\u2019 (as indicated in the Risk-Need-Responsivity model; see Andrews\u00a0et al., 2011). This can be obtained by building on offenders\u2019 motivation and by removing\u00a0potential and actual obstacles to completion. The importance of \u2018responsivity\u2019 emerges in\u00a0the chapters by Gelsthorpe, Bateman, and Sparrow (see chapters 16-18) who discuss the\u00a0cases of women, youth, and drug misusing service users respectively. The current system\u00a0must address the specific needs of these \u2018minorities\u2019 to favour successful completion of\u00a0sentences and the breaking of the cycle of re-incarceration.<\/p>\n

The book is a wonderful anthology where the various chapters intersect, complete and\u00a0fulfil each other, and deliver a well-articulated overview of the concept of compliance. The\u00a0key message of this book is the need to develop policies and interventions which promote\u00a0\u2018substantive\u2019 rather than formal \u2018compliance\u2019, through a more critical and holistic\u00a0approach to rehabilitation. The editors Pamela Ugwudike and Peter Raynor have done a\u00a0great job in providing a very exhaustive piece of work on this topic. This book is a much\u00a0needed addition to the literature and the shelves of anybody interested in compliance,\u00a0rehabilitation and desistance from crime.<\/p>\n

Fabio Tartarini, PhD Candidate, Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge<\/em><\/p>\n

References<\/strong>
\nAndrews, D. A., Bonta, J. and Wormith, J. S. (2011) The Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR)\u00a0Model: Does Adding the Good Lives Model Contribute to Effective Crime Prevention?\u00a0Criminal Justice and Behavior, 38(7): 735\u2013755.
\nBottoms, A. E. (2001) ‘Compliance and community penalties’,\u00a0in\u00a0<\/em>A. E. Bottoms, L.\u00a0Gelsthorpe and S. Rex (Eds.)\u00a0Community Penalties: Change and Challenges<\/em>,\u00a0Cullompton: Willan: 87\u2013116.
\nMcNeill, F. and Robinson, G. (2012) ‘Liquid legitimacy and community sanctions’,\u00a0in\u00a0<\/em>A.\u00a0Crawford & A. Hucklesby (Eds.)\u00a0Legitimacy and Compliance in Criminal Justice.<\/em>\u00a0Cullompton: Willan: 116\u2013137.
\nWard, T. and Maruna, S. (2007)\u00a0Rehabilitation: Beyond the risk paradigm.<\/em>\u00a0Oxford:\u00a0Routledge.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column column_width_percent=”100″ gutter_size=”2″ override_padding=”yes” column_padding=”2″ back_color=”color-lxmt” overlay_alpha=”50″ shift_x=”0″ shift_y=”0″ shift_y_down=”0″ z_index=”0″ medium_width=”0″ mobile_width=”0″ width=”1\/3″ css=”.vc_custom_1593440492913{padding-right: 26px !important;padding-left: 26px !important;}”][vc_custom_heading heading_semantic=”h3″ text_font=”font-128611″ text_size=”h4″ text_weight=”500″ text_color=”color-210407″]Latest Issue[\/vc_custom_heading][uncode_index el_id=”index-163686″ loop=”size:1|order_by:date|post_type:post|categories:3″ gutter_size=”3″ post_items=”title,date” screen_lg=”1000″ screen_md=”600″ screen_sm=”480″ single_text=”overlay” single_style=”dark” single_overlay_opacity=”50″ single_overlay_anim=”no” single_text_visible=”yes” single_text_anim=”no” single_h_align_mobile=”left” single_padding=”0″ single_title_family=”font-128611″ single_title_dimension=”h4″ single_title_weight=”500″][vc_button button_color=”accent” size=”btn-xl” radius=”btn-square” wide=”yes” custom_typo=”yes” font_family=”font-128611″ font_weight=”500″ border_width=”0″ link=”url:http%3A%2F%2Fmmuperu.co.uk%2Fbjcj%2Fnewsletter%2F|title:Newsletter||”]Subscribe to our Newsletter[\/vc_button][vc_raw_html]JTNDYSUyMGNsYXNzJTNEJTIydHdpdHRlci10aW1lbGluZSUyMiUyMGRhdGEtd2lkdGglM0QlMjI0MDAlMjIlMjBkYXRhLWhlaWdodCUzRCUyMjU0NSUyMiUyMGhyZWYlM0QlMjJodHRwcyUzQSUyRiUyRnR3aXR0ZXIuY29tJTJGYmpjb21tdW5pdHlqdXN0JTNGcmVmX3NyYyUzRHR3c3JjJTI1NUV0ZnclMjIlM0VUd2VldHMlMjBieSUyMGJqY29tbXVuaXR5anVzdCUzQyUyRmElM0UlMjAlM0NzY3JpcHQlMjBhc3luYyUyMHNyYyUzRCUyMmh0dHBzJTNBJTJGJTJGcGxhdGZvcm0udHdpdHRlci5jb20lMkZ3aWRnZXRzLmpzJTIyJTIwY2hhcnNldCUzRCUyMnV0Zi04JTIyJTNFJTNDJTJGc2NyaXB0JTNF[\/vc_raw_html][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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